Basic structure of pressure vessel equipment manufacturing

Time2024-03-21

Pressure vessels are typically welded structures composed of plates and shells. Among the pressure components, the corresponding shells for cylindrical bodies, spherical tanks (or spherical heads), elliptical heads, dish-shaped heads, spherical crown heads, conical heads, and expansion joints are cylindrical shells, spherical shells, elliptical shells, spherical crown + ring shells, spherical crowns, conical shells, and annular plates + ring shells.

Pressure vesselIt is usually a welded structure composed of plates and shells. Among the pressure components, the cylindrical body, spherical tank (or spherical head), elliptical head, dish-shaped head, spherical crown head, conical head, and expansion joint correspond to cylindrical shell, spherical shell, elliptical shell, spherical crown + ring shell, spherical crown, conical shell, and annular plate + ring shell, respectively.

The flat cover (or flat head), annular plate, flange, and tube sheet correspond to circular flat plates, annular plates (where the difference between the outer radius and inner radius is greater than 10 times the plate thickness), rings (where the difference between the outer radius and inner radius is less than 10 times the plate thickness), and elastic foundation circular flat plates, respectively.

The above seven types of shells and four types of plates can be combined into various structural forms of pressure vessels. Together with sealing elements, supports, safety accessories, etc., they constitute a complete pressure vessel.

Cylindrical body

The function of the cylindrical body is to provide the pressure space required for the process and is one of the main pressure components of the pressure vessel. Its inner diameter and volume are often determined by process calculations. The cylindrical body (i.e., cylinder) and spherical body are the most commonly used cylindrical structures in engineering.

When the diameter of the cylindrical body is small (generally less than 1000mm), the cylinder can be made from seamless steel pipes, in which case there are no longitudinal welds on the cylindrical body. When the diameter is larger, steel plates can be rolled into a cylinder on a plate rolling machine or pressed into two half-cylinders on a hydraulic press, which are then welded together to form a complete cylinder. Since the direction of this weld is parallel to the longitudinal (i.e., axial) direction of the cylinder, it is called a longitudinal weld, abbreviated as longitudinal seam.

If the diameter of the vessel is not very large, there is generally only one longitudinal weld; as the diameter of the vessel increases, due to the size limitations of the steel plate, there may be two or more longitudinal welds. Additionally, shorter vessels can directly connect heads at both ends of a single cylinder, forming a closed pressure space, thus creating a pressure vessel shell.

However, when the vessel is longer, due to the size limitations of the steel plate, it is necessary to first roll and weld several sections of the cylindrical body (a certain section of the cylindrical body is called a cylinder segment), and then weld two or more cylinder segments together to form the required length of the cylindrical body. The connecting welds between cylinder segments and between the cylindrical body and end heads are perpendicular to the axial direction of the cylindrical body, thus they are called circumferential welds, abbreviated as circumferential seams.

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